A single-phase algorithm for mining high utility itemsets using compressed tree structures

Mining high utility itemsets (HUIs) from transaction databases considers such factors as the unit profit and quantity of purchased items. Two-phase tree-based algorithms transform a database into compressed tree structures and generate candidate patterns through a recursive pattern-growth procedure. This procedure requires a lot of memory and time to construct conditional pattern trees. To address this issue, this study employs two compressed tree structures, namely, Utility Count Tree and String Utility Tree, to enumerate valid patterns and thus promote fast utility computation. Furthermore, the study presents an algorithm called single-phase utility computation (SPUC) that leverages these two tree structures to mine HUIs in a single phase by incorporating novel pruning strategies. Experiments conducted on both real and synthetic datasets demonstrate the superior performance of SPUC compared with IHUP, UP-Growth, and UP-Growth+ algorithms.     

两台竹浆碱回收锅炉NOx、SO2排放的探讨

根据两台竹浆碱回收锅炉的实际运行情况,对其结构与运行对污染物排放的影响进行了比较、分析。     

SNCR脱硝技术在液态排渣煤粉工业锅炉中的应用

为了检验选择性非催化还原（SNCR）脱硝技术在高效低NO_x液态排渣煤粉工业锅炉中的应用效果，本文在一台8.4MW有机热载体锅炉炉膛内开展了SNCR脱硝技术工业化试验研究。选用尿素作为还原剂，搭建了工业化SNCR脱硝试验平台。在10%、15%、20%三种浓度尿素溶液下进行了不同尿素溶液喷射量、不同氧含量、不同锅炉负荷下的SNCR脱硝试验研究。试验结果表明，提出的“低NO_x燃烧+SNCR脱硝”耦合技术方案是可行的，SNCR脱硝效率在80%以上，完全能够达到烟气中NO_x低于50mg/m³的超低排放要求。     

A PV installation framework concerning electricity variable rates

This paper assesses building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) installation parameters based on the profit generated by a photovoltaic system. It takes into consideration a home building case study and it investigates its monthly energy demand based on a specific location and a typical occupancy. The capability of a photovoltaic (PV) system to generate more profit occurs when solar intensity is maximum while the electric energy price is at its highest rate. The paper traces a framework that encompasses different aspects such as energy demand, energy price, and solar intensity. This framework identifies profit alternatives according to different installation parameters. A tool that predicts a PV installation hourly electric energy production is developed. The profit generated is simulated for home buildings located in Beirut (Lebanon) and Xihua (China), both at 33.8° latitude north. The paper highlights a new approach for BIPV installations, taking into account weather conditions, energy demand, and electric energy utility rates.     

600MW超临界CFB机组深度调峰运行技术

经通过分析超临界CFB机组在深度调峰方面的优势,结合600MW超临界CFB机组的实际运行工况,提出机组在深度调峰前应开展的试验工作。研究600MW超临界CFB机组的深度调峰过程,从汽机、锅炉、电气等方面提出有效的技术措施,解决深度调峰可能带来的锅炉流化不良、环保参数控制困难等问题。通过在600MW超临界CFB机组上应用,机组在30%负荷深度调峰运行,工况稳定,各项参数正常,取得了较好效果。     

合成氨废热锅炉制造工艺改进

废热锅炉是Cassle合成氨技术中的关键设备,本文以某改造项目Cassle技术废热锅炉为研究对象,阐述了废热锅炉的结构特点,结合化工厂反馈的问题,针对关键工序提出了改进措施,为制造类似结构和要求的产品积累了宝贵经验。     

煤粉锅炉脱硫系统中除尘器压差过高原因及解决方案

高倍率灰钙循环烟气脱硫技术在神东矿区的煤粉锅炉环保改造项目中已投入建设并成功运行,脱硫率可达95%以上。在NGD系统的运行调试期,布袋除尘器压差的数值及其上升速度均较改造前有大幅提高,影响了锅炉系统的正常运行并降低了布袋除尘器的运行效率。为了解决此问题,先分析滤料透气性降低而导致布袋除尘器压差上升的根本原因,再结合现场调研情况对NGD系统工况下的烟气含湿量、烟气温度、烟气灰浓度、除尘器本体的问题以及上游锅炉系统问题逐一进行对比和分析,并找出问题产生的各主要因素。NGD系统中布袋除尘器差压升高的原因包括多方面,为了使NGD系统的运行更加稳定,需要使除尘器适应NGD系统的工况并对系统中部分设备进行改造。在未来NGD系统的设计中,布袋除尘器需按高浓度烟气设计,且针对煤粉工业锅炉的运行、维护特性应加入对烟气中含水量的监测及对布袋除尘器的相应保护措施。     

煤粉锅炉污染物限值排放综合控制系统研究

燃煤锅炉产生的SO2、NOx是大气污染物的重要组成部分,随着环境形势的日益严峻,国家环保政策对电站锅炉和中小型工业锅炉的污染物排放标准提出了更高要求。煤粉工业锅炉烟气净化系统采用手动调节方式控制,系统惯性大,已不能满足最新环保排放标准。针对这些问题,基于可编程控制器(PLC)和以太网通讯架构,结合神东矿区某煤粉锅炉站限值排放改造工程,设计了集成化的污染物排放控制系统。在分析各系统工艺流程的基础上,分别提出了脱硫、脱硝系统的优化控制策略。脱硫系统基于站内原有NGD系统进行改造,增加了脱硫剂储运设备,在灰钙循环和增湿活化控制的基础上设计了自动脱硫剂补充和调节逻辑。脱硝系统增设了臭氧制备和输送装置,采用SNCR-臭氧协同方式,并设计了串级启动和自动投送控制逻辑。控制系统采取分布式硬件架构部署,采用西门子SIMATIC系列PLC作为主控制器,基于优化的控制逻辑,分别组态脱硫子系统、SNCR子系统及臭氧子系统。通过以太网络构建通讯子网,共享各子系统内部数据,以保证设备之间的安全联锁,以及脱硫、脱硝系统对锅炉负荷情况的跟踪响应,试验结果表明,控制系统能够在起炉后10 min内将SO2浓度控制在100 mg/m^3以内,在锅炉变负荷工况条件下可维持SO2浓度低于设定限值。多台锅炉连续运行时,各炉脱硫剂缓冲仓平均用料周期约为80 min,平均补充周期约为4.5 min,平均等待时间约为7 min,控制逻辑能够保证脱硫剂连续不间断供给。起炉后控制系统依次投入SNCR及臭氧系统,自动调节尿素溶液和臭氧的投加量,能够在20 min内将NOx浓度控制在100 mg/m^3以内。与改造前相比,锅炉站长周期运行时SO2、NOx排放浓度均显著下降,由100~200 mg/m^3降低至50~100 mg/m^3;根据运行期间80 h数据,SO2排放浓度平均值由163.55 mg/m^3降低至72.54 mg/m^3,NOx排放浓度平均值由160.85 mg/m^3降至71.06 mg/m^3,均满足国家与地方的环保排放标准。污染物排放波动性较改造前亦有所降低,SO2浓度标准差由21.04降至18.14,NOx浓度标准差由25.09降至15.84。     

环保新标准的循环流化床锅炉改造分析

对循环流化床在脱硝、脱硫和除尘等方面环保技术路线进行了分析,权衡各项技术的利弊及经济因素,结合新颁布的火电厂大气污染物排放标准(GB 13223—2011),做出如下建议:半干旋转喷雾法脱硫工艺(SDA)和SCR结合使用后,氮氧化物的脱除效率可达到95%,循环流化床中高灰分的环境不适合使用SCR,SNCR的脱除效率虽然相对较低,但是通过调整还原剂的停留时间和与烟气的混合程度,脱硝效率可达70%以上,完全可以满足新环保标准的要求;石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫技术成熟,脱硫效率高,负荷适应性好,在循环流化床炉内脱硫的基础上外加该工艺,可以保证足够的脱硫效率;电袋组合式除尘器发挥了两种除尘器的技术优势,可以达到新标准的要求。     

Experimental investigation of the primary combustion zone during staged combustion of wood-chips in a commercial small-scale boiler

In this work the primary combustion zone of a modified, commercial, small-scale boiler was investigated during staged combustion of wood-chips. Experimental research on thermal conversion of biomass in fixed beds is necessary to supply reliable data for gas phase combustion model validation and optimization. Furthermore, scruting of pollutant emission formation and combustion efficiency enhancement can be conducted. Two different fuel moistures were used while the primary combustion zone of a small-scale boiler was investigated as a function of the primary air ratio. The combustible products leaving the fuel layer were analyzed under continuous operation by an extractive method. This approach is new in the field of small-scale biomass combustion research and considers the strong coupling between the products leaving the fuel bed and the heat fluxes emitted by the flame of the secondary combustion zone. Additionally, fine particulate matter emissions were quantified to study the effect of varying primary air ratio and different fuel moisture on particulate formation. Results show that the primary air ratio and the fuel moisture have a significant influence on the primary combustion products composition, on the fuel bed behavior and on fine particulate matter emissions. At low primary air ratios, tars constitute a significant part of the heating value of primary combustion products. The smallest amount of particulate emissions was found at low primary air ratio and low fuel moisture. Experimental data was validated with an elemental balance, which showed perfect accordance.